按國際照明(ming)委員會（CIE）的(de)(de)標準規定，對建(jian)筑立(li)面反(fan)射比為30％～40％的(de)(de)中(zhong)色飾面材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)墻(qiang)面，比如(ru)中(zhong)色石(shi)材(cai)(cai)、水(shui)泥或淺色大理石(shi)墻(qiang)面的(de)(de)泛光照明(ming)的(de)(de)平均照度，在暗(an)背景下為40lx，一般背景亮度（8cd/m2）下為60lx，亮背景下為120lx，考慮墻(qiang)面清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)程度為較清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)時乘修正系數Z之后，分(fen)別為80、120lx和240lx。
對照(zhao)CIE標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，所(suo)調查的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)立(li)(li)面夜(ye)(ye)(ye)景照(zhao)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平均(jun)照(zhao)度應等于(yu)或低于(yu)240lx，而實際上有37％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)超過(guo)(guo)CIE標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，也就是(shi)說這部分建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)立(li)(li)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平均(jun)照(zhao)度都大于(yu)240lx，個(ge)別建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)立(li)(li)面夜(ye)(ye)(ye)景照(zhao)明照(zhao)度高(gao)達700lx之(zhi)多。全國其他(ta)城市，特(te)別是(shi)近年剛(gang)剛(gang)開始建(jian)設夜(ye)(ye)(ye)景照(zhao)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城市，由(you)于(yu)互相攀比和受夜(ye)(ye)(ye)景越亮越好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思潮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，估(gu)計(ji)超過(guo)(guo)CIE標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)不會低于(yu)37％。所(suo)以說，如果嚴格按CIE標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)設計(ji)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)立(li)(li)面夜(ye)(ye)(ye)景照(zhao)明，把37％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超標(biao)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)照(zhao)度需降下來，挖掘出這部分建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)立(li)(li)面夜(ye)(ye)(ye)景照(zhao)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節能潛(qian)力，將會節約相當可(ke)觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電能。
2.2 建筑物(wu)輪廓燈照明的節能(neng)潛力
我國城市(shi)夜(ye)(ye)景(jing)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)，建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物輪廓(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)燈(deng)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)是建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)夜(ye)(ye)景(jing)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比較(jiao)(jiao)早和比較(jiao)(jiao)多的(de)一種照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)方式。不僅多數古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)或仿古的(de)現(xian)代建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)夜(ye)(ye)景(jing)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)這種照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)方法，而(er)且(qie)在現(xian)代化建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)夜(ye)(ye)景(jing)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)也采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不少。如北京(jing)長安(an)街及延長線的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)夜(ye)(ye)景(jing)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)就有(you)近百幢采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)各種形式的(de)輪廓(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)燈(deng)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)。粗略統計約使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)10萬只左右白熾燈(deng)，其中(zhong)(zhong)天安(an)門(men)(men)(men)地區，如天安(an)門(men)(men)(men)城樓、大會堂、博物館、紀念堂、正陽門(men)(men)(men)城樓、中(zhong)(zhong)國銀行和天安(an)門(men)(men)(men)管委會辦公樓的(de)輪廓(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)燈(deng)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)白熾燈(deng)就達2.2萬余只。
如(ru)果把長安街(jie)及延長線上10萬只25W白(bai)熾(chi)(chi)燈(deng)(deng)全部改用(yong)(yong)5W節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)熒光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)，每(mei)年將節(jie)(jie)電456－92＝364萬kW·h。2002年天(tian)安門地區的2.2萬只白(bai)熾(chi)(chi)輪廓燈(deng)(deng)已全部改用(yong)(yong)5～9W節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)熒光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)，若按5W節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)熒光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)計算，一年就可(ke)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)100－20＝80萬kW·h，節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)效(xiao)果十(shi)分(fen)顯著。在改用(yong)(yong)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)熒光(guang)燈(deng)(deng)時(shi)，應(ying)注意(yi)使用(yong)(yong)優質(zhi)產品和環境(jing)溫度對燈(deng)(deng)工作的影響。
2.3 照明方法和管(guan)理的節能潛力
建筑(zhu)立(li)面夜景(jing)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)設計(ji)時，由于照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)方(fang)法(fa)或布(bu)燈方(fang)案(an)不(bu)當，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)能(neng)(neng)源浪(lang)費(fei)。如玻璃幕墻建筑(zhu)立(li)面使用(yong)投光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)方(fang)法(fa)，不(bu)僅浪(lang)費(fei)了能(neng)(neng)源，而且沒(mei)有照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)效果，反而造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)污染。又如燈具(ju)配光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)和布(bu)燈方(fang)案(an)不(bu)當，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大量溢(yi)散(san)(san)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)。據(ju)調查統(tong)計(ji)，建筑(zhu)立(li)面泛光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)溢(yi)散(san)(san)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)約占照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)總光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)量的(de)(de)1/3。全國建筑(zhu)立(li)面泛光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)溢(yi)散(san)(san)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)加(jia)起來是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)十分可觀的(de)(de)數字，不(bu)僅浪(lang)費(fei)了能(neng)(neng)源，而且同樣也造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)污染。另外，建筑(zhu)立(li)面夜景(jing)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)管(guan)理不(bu)當，照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)控(kong)制(zhi)技術落后造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)用(yong)電浪(lang)費(fei)的(de)(de)現(xian)象比較嚴重(zhong)。
總(zong)之(zhi)，通過(guo)以上分析，可(ke)見建筑立(li)面夜景照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)節能潛力(li)巨大(da)。在我國大(da)規模建設夜景照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)的情況下，通過(guo)科學設計(ji)，嚴格執行國家和國際照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)標準，正確選用照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)方(fang)法和器材，加強照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)設施(shi)管理，可(ke)實現(xian)既建設夜景，又節約能源的雙重要求(qiu)。
3 夜景照明節能的措施和(he)方法
3.1 節能因素的分析
夜(ye)景照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)節(jie)(jie)(jie)電是(shi)項(xiang)系統工程，應以推廣應用(yong)高(gao)光(guang)效的(de)(de)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)節(jie)(jie)(jie)電產品為龍頭(tou)，綜合考(kao)慮影響照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)用(yong)電的(de)(de)其他因(yin)素(su)，用(yong)科學的(de)(de)方法精心(xin)進行(xing)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)設計，加強管理(li)，方能挖掘照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)節(jie)(jie)(jie)電的(de)(de)潛力。由圖1可(ke)看(kan)出，照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)用(yong)電和七個因(yin)素(su)密(mi)切(qie)相關。因(yin)此節(jie)(jie)(jie)約照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)用(yong)電，除(chu)應用(yong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)電光(guang)源(yuan)和燈具外，還(huan)要合理(li)選(xuan)擇照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)標(biao)準、照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)方式(shi)、照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)控制方式(shi)，提高(gao)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)利用(yong)系數(shu)和照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)維護管理(li)系數(shu)，從(cong)而達(da)到最大限(xian)度地節(jie)(jie)(jie)約照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)(ming)(ming)用(yong)電之目的(de)(de)。
圖(tu)(tu)1 照(zhao)明用電要(yao)素的分解圖(tu)(tu)
3.2 選用高(gao)光效節能照明產品
3.2.1 選用高效的節能電光(guang)源：
選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)高光(guang)(guang)(guang)效(xiao)(xiao)節(jie)能電光(guang)(guang)(guang)源是降低照明用(yong)(yong)電的核心。目前夜(ye)景照明常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的光(guang)(guang)(guang)源的發光(guang)(guang)(guang)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)色及壽(shou)命(ming)差別甚大。在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)(xuan)燈(deng)(deng)時，應從實(shi)際情況出發，借鑒國外有益經驗，綜合(he)考(kao)慮燈(deng)(deng)的光(guang)(guang)(guang)效(xiao)(xiao)（節(jie)電）及性能價格比。目前選(xuan)(xuan)燈(deng)(deng)的總趨(qu)勢是（1）用(yong)(yong)鹵鎢燈(deng)(deng)取(qu)代(dai)普(pu)通白熾燈(deng)(deng)；（2）用(yong)(yong)緊湊型熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)取(qu)代(dai)白熾燈(deng)(deng)；（3）用(yong)(yong)直(zhi)管型熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)取(qu)代(dai)白熾燈(deng)(deng)；（4）用(yong)(yong)細管T5或(huo)(huo)T8型熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)或(huo)(huo)中管T10型熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)取(qu)代(dai)粗管T12型熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)；（5）大力推(tui)廣高壓鈉燈(deng)(deng)和(he)金屬鹵化(hua)物燈(deng)(deng)；（6）在(zai)(zai)遠郊高速公路(lu)或(huo)(huo)隧道和(he)對(dui)顏色要求不高的場所可選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)低壓鈉燈(deng)(deng)；（7）在(zai)(zai)選(xuan)(xuan)燈(deng)(deng)時，應選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)與燈(deng)(deng)的光(guang)(guang)(guang)電參數(shu)相匹(pi)配的高效(xiao)(xiao)節(jie)能的電器附件或(huo)(huo)調光(guang)(guang)(guang)設備。
3.2.2 使用高效節能(neng)的照明燈(deng)具
燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源、燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)罩和(he)(he)相應附件組成為一(yi)體的(de)總稱(cheng)。燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)一(yi)般分(fen)裝飾燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)和(he)(he)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)二類。當(dang)然裝飾燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)也(ye)要(yao)(yao)考慮(lv)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)要(yao)(yao)求；功能(neng)(neng)(neng)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)同樣要(yao)(yao)考慮(lv)其(qi)裝飾性(xing)，只(zhi)是(shi)各有(you)側重，而(er)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)絕對化(hua)。燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)主要(yao)(yao)特(te)性(xing)，一(yi)是(shi)配(pei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；二是(shi)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)；三是(shi)防止(zhi)眩光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)特(te)性(xing)。節(jie)約(yue)照(zhao)明用(yong)(yong)電，單有(you)高效(xiao)(xiao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源，若燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)低(di)，配(pei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)不(bu)合理(li)也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)充分(fen)利(li)用(yong)(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源發出的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)。因最終(zhong)所利(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)通量(liang)是(shi)隨燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)系數(shu)而(er)變化(hua)，只(zhi)有(you)使用(yong)(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)效(xiao)(xiao)和(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)系數(shu)高的(de)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)充分(fen)利(li)用(yong)(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源發出的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)通量(liang)。要(yao)(yao)節(jie)約(yue)照(zhao)明用(yong)(yong)電，應花大(da)力氣提高燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)產品效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)技術(shu)水平。
3.2.3 選用高效節能的(de)調控設(she)備
高(gao)光效的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)燈是節(jie)能(neng)(neng)照明的(de)(de)(de)(de)優選產品。然而(er)這些燈的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作均需配用(yong)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)調控(kong)(kong)光的(de)(de)(de)(de)附屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)器設(she)備。一般來說這些附屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)器設(she)備消耗功率約為(wei)燈的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率的(de)(de)(de)(de)10％～25％。應推廣使用(yong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)器和(he)(he)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)器，并(bing)逐步取(qu)代老式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)器。此(ci)外各種時控(kong)(kong)、光控(kong)(kong)和(he)(he)智能(neng)(neng)控(kong)(kong)制器，路(lu)燈節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)制器和(he)(he)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)，節(jie)能(neng)(neng)顯著。為(wei)了節(jie)能(neng)(neng)，還有氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)燈應通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容補償，使功率因數不低于(yu)0.9。
3.3 節能(neng)照明(ming)的(de)設計
3.3.1 確定好照明設計(ji)的照度或亮(liang)度標準
總的(de)說應嚴格(ge)按國(guo)家(jia)制定的(de)夜景照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)標(biao)準進行設計。在我國(guo)夜景照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)照(zhao)(zhao)度(du)標(biao)準制訂之前，建議(yi)參照(zhao)(zhao)國(guo)際照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)委員(yuan)會（CIE）的(de)標(biao)準進行設計，見表2。其中被(bei)照(zhao)(zhao)對象的(de)照(zhao)(zhao)度(du)、亮度(du)、照(zhao)(zhao)明(ming)均(jun)(jun)勻(yun)度(du)、最大功(gong)率(lv)密度(du)（UPD）值以及限制光污染指標(biao)均(jun)(jun)不(bu)得(de)超CIE和(he)相關標(biao)準的(de)規定（見參考文獻[2]）。
表2 國際照明(ming)委員(yuan)會（CIE）推薦(jian)的照度標準值(zhi)
被照面材料
推薦照度（Lx）
修 正(zheng) 系(xi) 數
背景亮度
光源種類修正
表面狀況修正
低
中
高
汞燈、金屬鹵化物燈
高、低壓鈉燈
較清潔
臟
很臟
淺(qian)色石(shi)(shi)材(cai)、白色大(da)理石(shi)(shi)
20
30
60
1
0.9
3
5
10
中色石材、水泥、淺色大理石
40
60
120
1.1
1
2.5
5
8
深(shen)(shen)色(se)石材、灰色(se)花崗石、深(shen)(shen)色(se)大理石
100
150
300
1
1.1
2
3
5
淺黃色磚
30
50
100
1.2
0.9
2.5
5
8
淺棕色磚
40
60
120
1.2
0.9
2
4
7
深棕色磚、粉紅花(hua)崗石
55
80
160
1.3
1
2
4
6
紅磚
100
150
300
1.3
1
2
3
5
深色磚
120
180
360
1.3
1.2
1.5
2
3